Biology Extrema

Abstract: Hello and welcome friends to my article. Today will discuss a very important topic for many competitive exams like CSIR,GATE,NEET etc in life sciences stream. I will try to make you understand the matter in an easy way.... Downloaded from Shutterstock. Polymerase Chain Reaction Polymerase chain reaction is a technique, used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or few copies of particular DNA sequence. When there is a small amount of DNA then we use the method or technique for further analysis the DNA. Which can generate thousand to millions copies of particular DNA sequence. A basic PCR setup required several components and reagents. when we use the technique in the lab then we first prepare a mixture of a reaction ...... The picture is downloaded from Shutterstock.   1. At the first we need a DNA template for amplification. 2. Primers ( primers are short oligonucleotide sequence which are 15 to 20 nucleotide long ) two DNA primers that are complementary to the t...

Abstract: An important part of photosynthesis is chemiosmotic theory or hypothesis . We have already learn electron transport chain. When the electron passes from it , it then releases energy and this energy used for the synthesis of ATP. Here I simply discuss the matter but the original phenomenon is quite complicated let's draw a thylakoid. It is an outer membrane and an inner membrane. The cavity is known as lumen. The water splitting complex is present in the the inner membrane . Thylakoid  On the bottom of PS II there is chlorophyll reaction center and the top is primarily electron acceptor and then electron is going to pass from PS II to PS I through cytochrome . When the sunlight fall on PS II then the electron are activated and now electron pair is passing through cytochrome and finally go to the PS I  this electron is going to higher level to lower level. It release energy at the cytochrome. It reveals that energy when the electron transport the electron from...